Active RFID and Sensor Networks 2011-2021

Active RFID and Sensor Networks

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Report summary
This IDTechEx report comprehensively analyzes the technologies, players and markets with detailed ten year forecasts, including tag numbers, unit prices and interrogator numbers and prices. Details of over 75 active RFID implementations are given along with over 100 suppliers and full technology analysis – from printed batteries to Wi-Fi RFID to UWB tags. We have constructed ten year forecasts usefully segmented by frequency, application, territory, etc, and illustrated by dozens of tables and figures.

The active RFID market will grow to over 11 times its present size by 2018, so whether a user or supplier, you need to keep up with this under-reported subject or get left behind.

Market forecasts
The term Active RFID incorporates many technologies including Real Time Locating Systems, Ubiquitous Sensor Networks and Active RFID with Zigbee, RuBee, Ultra Wide Band and WiFi. Active RFID, where a battery drives the tag, is responsible for an increasing percentage of the money spent in the burgeoning RFID market. It will rise from 12% of the total RFID market this year to 28% in 2018, meaning a huge $7.49 billion market. If we include the market for cell phone RFID modules (another form of active RFID), the market is an additional $0.6 billion in 2008 and $1.55 billion in 2018.

Factors for growth
The primary factors creating this growth will be Real Time Location Systems (RTLS), and ubiquitous RFID sensor systems (mainly disposable), including ones in the form of Smart Active Labels (SALs). Conventional active RFID used where passive solutions are inadequate and RFID modules for mobile phones will make up the rest. The rapid growth of the active RFID market is being driven by such factors as:

Much stronger market demand for tracking, locating and monitoring people and things. This is driven by security, safety, cost and customer satisfaction, for example. Important factors are increased competition in consumer goods, the new terrorism, internal theft, threatened epidemics of disease, coping with increasing numbers of elderly persons and consumers demanding better service and more information.
Reduction in cost and size of the tags and systems. With lower power circuits, button batteries are now adequate for most applications and even printed batteries are gaining a place. In future, miniature fuel cells, printed photovoltaics and other power sources will have a place. This will help to overcome constraints of lifetime, cost and size.
Development of Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) where large numbers of active RFID tags with sensors are radio networked in buildings, forests, rivers, hospitals and many other locations.
Availability of open standards – notably the new ISO 18000-7, IEEE 802.15.4 and NFC.
Leveraging many newly popular forms of short range wireless communication, particularly WiFi and ZigBee and including mesh networks
Use of mobile phones for purchasing, mass transit and interrogating smart posters, etc.

Active RFID sales to 2008
To the beginning of 2008, 617 million active RFID tags have been sold with the vast majority used for car clickers (600 million). Like these, a large percentage of active RFID tags being sold in the future will replace nothing: they will perform new functions. The second biggest use for active RFID to date has been by the military, using 6.2 million active RFID tags so far.

We are now in the decade of most active tags having button batteries and being the size of a matchbox and often incorporating other radio systems, and sometimes being parasitic upon them in some cases. Overlapping this, we are starting the decade or more of active RFID in the form of a label or laminate. This has been triggered by costs of smart active labels and battery assisted passive (BAP) tags coming down, even those incorporating sensors, and their laminar batteries having enhanced power and life. Some will even have displays. That will run in parallel with matchbox-sized and smaller active RFID tags that are exceptionally capable, with such features as Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) and multiple sensing.

Strong Investment
Recently, the investment community has taken even more interest in active RFID. Of 27 recent fund raisings by RFID companies studied by IDTechEx, 37% of the companies involved are in active RFID. 22% are in the particularly popular RTLS sector. Recent acquisitions also favour active RFID companies. Indeed the largest exit, for hundreds of millions of dollars, was a company selling active RFID and RTLS systems.
Active RFID a systems business
Companies involved know that this is not like the highest volume uses of passive RFID tags where disposable labels are usually involved and the label cost can be 50% of total cost. Most active RFID (such as RTLS) is more of a systems business.

Active tag price
With over 100 companies now involved in some part of the active RFID value chain, and considerable government financing of research on low cost active RFID, unit prices will strongly erode, creating a strong growth in numbers sold. The price erosion will be more rapid in some years as new technologies come into play such as new microbatteries and printed logic.

Throughout the next ten years, RTLS will dominate the spend on tags but this will consist of many small orders. Mobile phone / cell phone modules will see considerable price erosion as they are increasingly incorporated into the phone circuitry and volumes increase – already NTTDoCoMo have shipped over 47 million cellphones with RFID modules.

In the future, we see active RFID as intimately involved with many short range radio systems and interfaces, including passive RFID.

Analysis of Active RFID implementations
In our analysis of 75 active RFID case studies from 18 countries, the largest number of projects we have located has been in Logistics with around double the number for each of the nearest contenders – Air Industry, Automotive/Transportation and Healthcare. Added to those as important sectors will be such things as safety of constructions and people monitored by Ubiquitous Sensor Networks in later years. Meanwhile, RTLS is being put in about 50 hospitals yearly, for staff, patients and assets. In the case studies, the items that are tagged were mainly containers, followed by vehicles, conveyances and people and this probably reflects the market as a whole.

This report is the only one to comprehensively cover the full picture around the world.

Publisher >> IDTechEx
Report Category: Telecommunications

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.1.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
1.1.2. Active vs passive RFID
1.1.3. Sub categories of Active tags
1.1.4. Three generations of active RFID
1.1.5. Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID
1.1.6. Smart Active Labels (SAL), Battery Assisted Backscatter
1.1.7. Cumulative sales active vs passive
1.1.8. Lessons from sixty years of active RFID
1.2. Historic active RFID tag sales 2005 to 2010
1.2.1. Progress in 2005
1.2.2. Progress in 2006
1.2.3. Progress in 2007
1.2.4. Progress in 2008
1.2.5. Progress in 2009
1.3. The active RFID value chain and paybacks
1.3.1. Value chain
1.3.2. Project costs and paybacks
1.3.3. Cost versus RFID choice
1.4. Total Asset Visibility
1.5. Civilian logistics – Smart and Secure Tradelanes
1.6. Five key priorities for TAV
1.7. The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service
2. LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID
2.1. Spread of parameters and applications
2.1.1. Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant applications so far
2.1.2. Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged
2.1.3. Frequencies are varied
2.1.4. Ranges are varied
2.1.5. Totally new types of battery
2.1.6. The most important countries
2.2. Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing
2.2.1. Volkswagen, Germany – work in progress
2.2.2. Peugeot, France – work in progress
2.2.3. Club Car, USA – work in progress
2.2.4. AM General, USA – part replenishment
2.2.5. Merrimac Industries, USA – tracking folders
2.2.6. BMW, UK – work in progress
2.3. Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive
2.3.1. 30 major car companies – vehicle immobilisers
2.3.2. Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China – tracking buses
2.3.3. NedTrain, The Netherlands – wheel maintenance
2.3.4. Tracker/ Police, UK – locating stolen vehicles
2.3.5. Hills, UK – numberplates
2.3.6. Ford, USA – location of new cars
2.3.7. Postauto Bus, Switzerland – bus terminal management
2.3.8. Tranz Rail, New Zealand – freight management
2.3.9. General Motors, USA – containers
2.3.10. Shanghai Railway, China
2.3.11. Hamburg Metro Germany
2.3.12. Parking, Arizona State University, USA
2.3.13. Korea World Cup vehicles
2.4. Case studies of active RFID in the air industry
2.4.1. Sepang Airport, Malaysia – catering trolleys
2.4.2. Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA – vehicle tolling & management
2.4.3. Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA – vehicle tolling & management / New York Newark International Airport, USA – vehicle tolling & management
2.4.4. Orange County Airport, USA – vehicle tolling
2.4.5. Hong Kong International Airport, China – catering trolleys
2.4.6. Vienna International Airport, Austria – ground support equipment
2.4.7. Charles de Gaulle International Airport, France – taxis
2.4.8. Envirotainer, Belgium – unit load devices
2.4.9. Air Canada – food trolleys
2.4.10. Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking
2.5. Case studies of active RFID in healthcare
2.5.1. National Health Service UK social workers
2.5.2. Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets
2.5.3. St Elisabeth Medical Center patients USA
2.5.4. Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere – patient and staff tracking/ alert
2.5.5. Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA – patient tracking
2.5.6. Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK – assets
2.5.7. HCA Hospital Dallas, USA – mother baby matching
2.5.8. HCA Hospital Arlington, USA – mother baby matching
2.5.9. French Blood Agency, France – chemovigilance
2.5.10. Alexandra Hospital, Singapore – people tracking for SARS and National University Hospital Singapore – people tracking for SARS
2.5.11. Hart District, UK – alarm for elderly
2.6. Case studies of active RFID in the military sector
2.6.1. Kosovo/ US Military – military assets and supplies
2.6.2. Ministry of Defence, UK – military supplies
2.6.3. NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets
2.6.4. Department of Defense, USA – medical supplies
2.6.5. Bosnia/ UK Military – supply chain.
2.7. Case studies of active RFID in logistics
2.7.1. NYK Logistics, USA – intermodal freight containers
2.7.2. Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools
2.7.3. Brink’s, USA – transport container access
2.7.4. Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK – Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes RTGC handling intermodal containers
2.7.5. Agricultural Cooperative, France – vehicle tare weighing
2.7.6. Yard management, USA
2.7.7. Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria – trucks
2.7.8. Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA – intermodal container seals
2.7.9. Royal Mail, UK – roll cages
2.7.10. Parcelforce, UK – postal trailers
2.7.11. Mercator Transportation, USA – intermodal container tracking
2.7.12. Lynx Express, UK – roll cages
2.7.13. London Waste, UK – vehicles
2.7.14. J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA – vehicle loading and fuelling
2.7.15. HiroCem, Slovakia – trucks
2.7.16. DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland – cases
2.7.17. Intermodal Cargo Shipments
2.7.18. Carlisle Carriers, USA – tractors and trailers
2.7.19. Alliant Atlantic Food, USA – access control
2.7.20. Somerfield Supermarkets, UK – trucks
2.7.21. Argos, UK – conveyances
2.7.22. Paramount Farms, USA – farming vehicles
2.7.23. Meat producer, Canada – case monitoring
2.8. Case studies of active RFID in Retail
2.8.1. Selfridges, UK – food containers
2.8.2. Safeway Supermarkets, UK – trolleys
2.9. Other
2.9.1. HM Prison Service, UK – keys
2.9.2. Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA – keys
3. COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM
3.1. The tag
3.2. The interrogator
3.3. Other system components.
3.4. Multi-tag reading (anti-collision)
3.5. Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems
3.5.1. RFID – basic operation
3.5.2. One at a time or many at a time
3.5.3. Active beacon tags – long range
3.5.4. Signpost system for long range active tag configurations
3.5.5. Real-time locating systems – long range
3.6. Options on range
3.7. Systems aspects
3.7.1. Network vs stand alone
3.7.2. Stand alone – polled vs not polled
3.7.3. Networked – on-line
3.8. Networking at tag, reader or system level
3.9. Data on the device or network
3.9.1. Spectrum of choice
3.9.2. Data capture on the tag or not – a summary
3.9.3. Continuous monitoring or not
3.10. Open and closed service provider access
3.11. Networks within networks
3.12. Ad hoc / mesh networks
3.13. The importance of interoperability
3.14. Choice of frequency
3.14.1. Licence free frequencies
3.14.2. Ultra Wide Band
3.15. Supplier case studies
3.15.1. Parco Wireless
3.15.2. Ubisense
3.15.3. DSRC Industry Consortium
3.15.4. TagMaster
3.16. Impressions from the IDTechEx Active RFID and RTLS Conference
4. ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION
4.1. Overall construction
4.2. Batteries
4.2.1. Battery overview
4.2.2. Coin type batteries
4.2.3. Power Paper
4.2.4. Solicore, USA
4.2.5. Infinite Power Solutions, USA
4.2.6. Cymbet, USA
4.2.7. Blue Spark
4.2.8. Research
4.3. Fuel cells
4.4. Photovoltaics
4.5. Other power sources for active RFID – energy harvesters
4.5.1. Case Study of Energy Harvesting powered Active RFID Sensors
4.5.2. An Interview with EnOcean
4.6. Photocapacitors and supercapacitors
4.7. Active RFID with sensing
5. STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY
5.1. Standards
5.1.1. Standards for active RFID systems
5.1.2. Benefits of standardisation
5.1.3. Types of standard
5.1.4. Open and closed application systems
5.1.5. Standards organisations
5.1.6. Types of standard relating to item level RFID
5.1.7. When long range is a problem
5.1.8. Summary of the essential standards issues and opportunities
5.2. Radio regulations
5.3. Privacy issues
5.4. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined
5.4.1. Bridging the gap
5.4.2. Bluetooth and WiFi
5.4.3. ZigBee
5.4.4. Conventional active RFID
5.4.5. Combinations
5.4.6. Near Field Communications (NFC)
5.4.7. RFID and communications interfaces
5.4.8. A virtual connector
5.4.9. Link to RFID smart cards
5.4.10. NFC Forum
5.4.11. Standardization of NFC
6. REAL TIME LOCATING SYSTEMS (RTLS) AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN)
6.1. Triangulation, radio fingerprinting and multilateration
6.2. GPS
6.3. WiFi RTLS from AeroScout
6.4. Supplier case study: Ekahau USA
6.5. Another form of RTLS
6.6. Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER)
6.7. Ultra Wide Band
6.8. Shakeout in Real Time Locating Systems
6.9. Third Generation Active RFID is WSN
6.9.1. Managing chaos and imperfection
6.9.2. The whole is much greater than the parts
6.9.3. Achilles heel – power
6.9.4. View from UCLA
6.9.5. View of Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers
6.9.6. View of the International Telecommunications Union
6.9.7. View of the Kelvin Institute
6.9.8. Contrast with other short range radio
6.9.9. A practical proposition
6.9.10. Wireless mesh network structure
6.10. Three waves of adoption
6.10.2. Subsuming earlier forms of active RFID?
6.11. Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) and TIP
6.12. Defining features of the three generations
6.13. WSN paybacks
6.14. Supply chain of the future
7. MARKETS
7.1. Price sensitivity
7.2. Many bridges to cross
7.3. Forecasts for tags 2011-2021
7.4. RFID Enabled Cellphones
7.5. Forecast for total systems plus tags
7.6. Active RFID suppliers
7.7. Forecast for systems excluding tags 2011-2021
7.8. Forecast of systems including tags 2011-2021
7.9. Total RFID market
7.10. WSN history and forecasts
7.11. Number of suppliers 2011-2021
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 2: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION
APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY
TABLES
1.1. Important functions that an active RFID tag can perform
1.2. Benefits and disadvantages of active RFID vs passive RFID
1.3. AIM survey of RFID user priorities
1.4. The cumulative global sales of RFID tags active vs passive in millions to the beginning of 2010
1.5. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2010
1.6. Value of RFID active tag market in 2005
1.7. Value of RFID active tag market in 2006
1.8. Value Chain 2006
1.9. Value of RFID active tag market in 2007
1.10. Value Chain 2007
1.11. Value of RFID active tag market in 2008
1.12. Value Chain 2008
1.13. Value of RFID passive tag market in 2009
1.14. Value of RFID active tag market in 2009
1.15. Value Chain 2009
1.16. Cost structure of active vs passive RFID projects
1.17. Active RFID in the prison and parole service
2.1. Approximate distribution of case studies by range.
3.1. Summary of today’s RFID physical configurations
3.2. The spectrum of choice between stand alone and networked RFID systems
3.3. The spectrum of choice between basic number plate tags and those with high data retention
3.4. Spectrum of choice from short to long range
3.5. Choice of active RFID tags – typical cost, range, memory
3.6. The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID
4.1. Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages
4.2. The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries
4.3. Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries
4.4. Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries.
4.5. Comparison of conventional active RFID with temperature/ time recording and Smart Active Label (SAL) versions.
5.1. The most important standards for active RFID
5.2. The permitted frequency bands for RFID by territory
5.3. Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee and Active RFID compared
6.1. Defining features of the three generations of active RFID
7.1. Global active RFID by value 2010-2021, tag vs non-tag (readers, software, services) in $ million
7.2. Global market for active tags in millions 2010-2021
7.3. Global market for active tags – unit prices in cents 2010-2021
7.4. Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2010-2021
7.5. Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019
7.6. Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2010
7.7. Main frequencies by type
7.8. The value of the RFID enabled active RFID cellphone market
7.9. Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including tags in the next ten years
7.10. Main present and future locations of active RFID tags
7.11. The IDTechEx forecast for active RFID systems excluding tags 2010-2021
7.12. The total global spend on active RFID systems plus tags in US$ millions
7.13. Total active market as a portion of the total RFID market
7.14. IDTechEx WSN Forecast 2010-2020 with RTLS for comparison
7.15. Number of suppliers of active RFID doing serious business 2011, 2016, 2021
FIGURES
1.1. RFID range required for typical applications
1.2. Active tag from Identec for anti-theft
1.3. Passive RFID compared with the various types of active RFID
1.4. Road map of development of active RFID and allied technologies
1.5. RFID hierarchy
1.6. Active RFID characteristics
1.7. Frequency versus range
1.8. SAL-C concept of a warehouse managed using disposable SALs on packages.
1.9. An active RFID car clicker working in semi-active mode at 433 MHz
1.10. Value chain for active RFID in 2010
1.11. RFID value chain in 2021
1.12. RFID read range versus cost for different RFID systems
1.13. Typical military deployment of active RFID tags
1.14. A military viewpoint of active RFID
1.15. Active RFID interrogator deployment in the Iraq war
1.16. Mobile interrogators in the Iraq war
1.17. Write terminal and docking station
1.18. Survey of priorities in sea freight by AT Kearney
1.19. Sealing and anti-tamper capability with intermodal containers
1.20. Smart and Secure Tradelanes active RFID seal being used to lock an intermodal container
1.21. Final check of security at dock
1.22. Security check of truck at customs point – interrogator monitoring active RFID tag
1.23. Some of the potential benefits throughout the supply chain
1.24. RFID protecting keys against theft or misuse.
1.25. Wristwatch transmitters worn by inmates
1.26. Belt transmitters worn by officers and staff
2.1. Active RFID wrist strap to protect disoriented patients
2.2. TransCore system in action showing interrogators mounted on an overhead walkway
2.3. EIRIS Technology IRFIDTM Components
2.4. EIRIS Technology Tags
2.5. EIRIS Technology : Who, What, Where and When? – WWWWTM
2.6. EIRIS System Architecture
2.7. EIRIS Technology Optimal Installation
2.8. ELPAS’ System Architecture
2.9. ELPAS’ Healthcare Applications
3.1. Basic operation of an active RFID system
3.2. RFID – basic operation
3.3. Short range semi- passive tags
3.4. Active beacon tags – long range
3.5. Antenna hierarchy of Savi EchoPoint active RFID system
3.6. Savi EchoPoint active tag
3.7. Various semi-active tags from Axcess Technologies
3.8. Real Time Locating Systems – long range triangulation
3.9. WhereNet/Zebra System Components
3.10. Networks within networks – the “Russian Doll” approach
3.11. Three generations of active RFID
3.12. Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology
3.13. UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID bands in the microwave region.
3.14. A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID.
3.15. The elements of the Parco Wireless UWB RFID system
3.16. Parco UWB RFID tags
3.17. Asset tags from Axcess
4.1. The Power Paper battery
4.2. The Infinite Power battery is very small
4.3. Infinite Power batteries ready for use
4.4. Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery
4.5. Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries
4.6. Carbon-zinc thin film battery from Thin Battery Technologies.
4.7. Konarka photovoltaic flexible film
4.8. Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean
4.9. Solar powered wireless sensor node
4.10. Smart label road map
4.11. Semi-passive RFID label from KSW Microtec
5.1. Layers of logistic units
5.2. The relative benefits and disadvantages of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.3a, IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN)
5.3. Examples of 802.11 and 802.15.5 tags and readers from Tagsense
5.4. ZigBee hierarchy
5.5. Siemens hierarchy of networks
5.6. ISO 18000-7 devices
5.7. X-Mark Systems prevent mismatching in hospitals
5.8. Identec Solutions semi-active RFID personnel tag.
5.9. Identec Solutions secure access configuration
5.10. Verichip (X-Mark Systems) wander prevention system for disoriented elderly in care homes and hospitals
5.11. Some applications for NFC, usually in the form of second generation (active RFID reader) cellphones
5.12. Vending and ticket machine payment
5.13. Smart posters
5.14. Music downloads
5.15. Frequent payments for less than £UK7 ($12.5) in a city such as London UK
6.1. AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags
6.2. AeroScout WiFi armbands
6.3. Ekahau WiFi tag
6.4. MicroStrain WSN node with 55 day battery life
6.5. WSN compared with Bluetooth and WiFi in respect of power and data rate.
6.6. WSN compared with other short range radio in respect of range and data rate typically available
6.7. Detailed view of range vs data rate
6.8. A basic wireless mesh network
6.9. WSN backhaul
6.10. Diagrammatic illustration of the three waves of adoption of active RFID.
6.11. Possible area of deployment vs system cost
6.12. Tolerance of faults and unauthorised repositioning vs system cost
6.13. Tag cost today vs system cost
6.14. Number of tags per interrogator vs system cost
6.15. Infrastructure cost vs system cost
6.16. RTLS progress towards the ultimate supply chain
7.1. The future lower tag price – larger yearly numbers and the new tag technologies that will make it possible
7.2. Market opportunity for disposable electronic displays
7.3. Global active RFID by value and type 2010-2021
7.4. Overlapping eras of evolution of active RFID in its new, broader definition, including use of the new radio systems for active RFID 1990-2025.
7.5. Global market for active tags in millions 2010-2021
7.6. Global market for active tags – unit prices in cents 2010-2021
7.7. Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2010-2021
7.8. Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019
7.9. An active RFID cellphone module

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Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2011-2021

Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices

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$3995

Energy harvesting is otherwise known as power harvesting or energy scavenging. It is the use of ambient energy to power small electronic or electrical devices. That means solar cells on satellites, heat powered sensors buried in engines, vibration harvesting for helicopter electronics and the wind- up radio or lantern. However, there are also several more esoteric options.
Energy harvesting has reached a tipping point. This is because the necessary lower power electronics and more efficient energy gathering and storage are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for a huge number of applications to be practicable. From wind-up laptops for Africa to the wireless light switch working from the power of your finger, these things are either available or imminently available. And photovoltaics, long used in aerospace, has come down-market, even to road furniture but it has much further to go even to disposable solar film and even solar paint. The first solar powered watches and phones have appeared. Some new photovoltaic technologies are printed reel to reel at low cost, the resulting film working off heat as well as light. For example, Sony is commercialising flexible solar cells for indoor use.
However, there are further mountains to climb from self powered wireless sensors monitoring forest fires, pollution spillages and even inside the human body and in the concrete of buildings. These applications will become commonplace one day. Even devices with maintenance-free life of hundreds of years can now be envisaged. Meanwhile, bionic man containing maintenance free, self-powered devices for his lifetime is an objective for the next few years.
How do these things work? Which technologies have the most potential now and in the future? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Which countries have the most active programs and why? What are the leading universities, developers, manufacturers and other players up to? What alliances exist? What are the timelines for success? All these questions and more are answered in this report.
First prepared in late 2008/ early 2009, is the fruit of global visits, literature searches and interviews by technically qualified IDTechEx staff. IDTechEx stages the largest conferences in three continents on Printed Electronics and the only major conferences on Real Time Locating Systems/Wireless Sensor Networks and Photovoltaics beyond Conventional Silicon, plus a major RFID conference. These and its widespread technical and marketing consultancy business provides unique insight into what is happening and about to happen. IDTechEx has offices in the USA, UK, Germany, Poland and New Zealand and is setting up an office in Japan. Its staff speak many languages, travel intensively and are well placed to see the future.

Publisher >> IDTechEx
Report Category: Consumer Electronics

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is energy harvesting?
1.2. What it is not
1.3. Power requirements of different devices
1.4. Harvesting options to meet these requirements
1.5. Battery advances fail to keep up – implications
1.6. Some key enablers for the future – printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS
1.6.1. Printed and thin film
1.6.2. Smart substrates
1.6.3. MEMS
2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Aerospace and military
2.2. Industrial
2.2.1. Standards – EnOcean Alliance and Buildings
2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems
2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
2.2.4. Aircraft, engines and machinery
2.3. Consumer
2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc
2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters
2.4. Healthcare
2.5. Third World
2.6. Environmental
3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS
3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power
3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics
3.2. New battery options
3.2.1. Smart Dust
3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries
3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices
3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation – integrated battery management
3.2.5. Transparent printed organic batteries
3.2.6. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
3.2.7. Need for shape standards for laminar batteries
3.3. Alternatives to batteries
3.3.1. Supercapacitors
3.3.2. Supercabatteries
3.3.3. Mini fuel cells
4. LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES
4.1. Comparison of options
4.1.1. Important parameters
4.1.2. Principles of operation
4.1.3. Options for the future
4.1.4. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
4.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
4.3. Limits of CdTe
4.4. GaAsGe multilayers
4.5. DSSC
4.6. CIGS
4.7. Organic
4.8. Nanosilicon ink
4.9. Nantennas
4.10. Other options
4.10.1. Nanowire solar cells
5. MOVEMENT HARVESTING
5.1. Vibration harvesting
5.2. Movement harvesting options
5.2.1. Piezoelectric – conventional, ZnO and polymer
5.2.2. Electrostatic
5.2.3. Magnetostrictive
5.2.4. Energy harvesting electronics
5.3. Electroactive polymers
5.4. MEMS
5.5. Electrodynamic
6. HEAT HARVESTING
6.1. Thermoelectrics
6.1.1. Thermoelectric construction
6.1.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
6.1.3. Heat pumps
7. OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS
7.1. Electromagnetic field harnessing
7.2. Microbial and other fuel cells
8. PROFILES OF 200 PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES
8.1. Active Business Company GmbH
8.2. AdaptivEnergy
8.3. AdHoc Electronics
8.4. Advanced Cerametrics
8.5. Agency for Defense Development
8.6. AIST Tsukuba
8.7. Alabama A.&M. University
8.8. Alps Electric
8.9. Alvi Technologies
8.10. Ambient Research
8.11. AmbioSystems LLC
8.12. Applied Digital Solutions
8.13. Argonne National Laboratory
8.14. Arizona State University
8.15. Australian National University – Department of Engineering
8.16. BAE Systems
8.17. Biberach University of Applied Sciences
8.18. bk-electronic GmbH
8.19. BootUp GmbH
8.20. BSC Computer GmbH
8.21. California Institute of Technology
8.22. California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
8.23. California State University – Northridge
8.24. Carnegie Mellon University
8.25. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France)
8.26. Chinese University of Hong Kong
8.27. Chungbuk National University
8.28. Citizen Holding Co Ltd
8.29. China National Space Administration
8.30. Clarkson University
8.31. Cymtox Ltd
8.32. DigiTower Cologne
8.33. Distech Controls
8.34. Drexel University
8.35. East Japan Railway Company
8.36. EchoFlex Solutions
8.37. EDF R&D
8.38. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
8.39. Eltako GmbH
8.40. Ember Corporation
8.41. Encrea srl
8.42. Energie Agentur
8.43. Engenuity Systems
8.44. EnOcean GmbH
8.45. European Space Agency
8.46. Exergen
8.47. Fast Trak Ltd
8.48. Fatih University
8.49. Ferro Solutions, Inc.
8.50. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen
8.51. Freeplay Foundation
8.52. G24 Innovations
8.53. Ganssle Group
8.54. Georgia Institute of Technology
8.55. GreenPeak Technologies
8.56. Harvard University
8.57. High Merit Thermoelectrics
8.58. Hi-Tech Wealth
8.59. Holst Centre
8.60. Honeywell
8.61. Idaho National Laboratory
8.62. IMEC
8.63. Imperial College
8.64. India Space Research Organisation
8.65. Ingenieurbro Zink GmbH
8.66. INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG
8.67. INSYS Electronics
8.68. IntAct
8.69. Intel
8.70. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
8.71. Jager Direkt GmbH & Co
8.72. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
8.73. Kanazawa University
8.74. KCF Technologies Inc
8.75. KIB Projekt GmbH
8.76. Kinetron BV
8.77. Kobe University
8.78. Konarka
8.79. Kookmin University,
8.80. Korea Electronics Company
8.81. Korea Institute of Science and Technology
8.82. Korea University
8.83. KVL Comp Ltd.
8.84. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
8.85. Lebn Solutions
8.86. LessWire, LLC
8.87. Leviton
8.88. LonMark International
8.89. Masco
8.90. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8.91. MEMSCAP SA
8.92. Michigan Technological University
8.93. Microdul AG
8.94. Micropelt GmbH
8.95. MicroStrain Inc.,
8.96. Mid Technology Corporation
8.97. MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd
8.98. Mitsubishi Corporation
8.99. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business)
8.100. Moritani and Co Ltd
8.101. Nanosonic Inc
8.102. NASA
8.103. National Physical Laboratory
8.104. National Semiconductor
8.105. National Taiwan University,
8.106. National Tsing Hua University
8.107. Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd
8.108. Newcastle University
8.109. Nextreme
8.110. Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre
8.111. North Carolina State University
8.112. Northrop Grumman
8.113. Northeastern University
8.114. Northwestern University
8.115. Nova Mems
8.116. NTT DOCOMO
8.117. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
8.118. Ohio State University
8.119. Omnio
8.120. Omron Corporation
8.121. Orkit Building Intelligence
8.122. Osram
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is energy harvesting?
1.2. What it is not
1.3. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives
1.4. Power requirements of different devices
1.5. Harvesting options to meet these requirements
1.6. Battery advances fail to keep up – implications
1.7. Some key enablers for the future – printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS
1.7.1. Printed and thin film
1.7.2. Smart substrates
1.7.3. MEMS
2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Aerospace and military
2.2. Industrial
2.2.1. Standards – EnOcean Alliance vs ZigBee
2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems
2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
2.2.4. Aircraft, engines, automotive and machinery
2.3. Consumer
2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc
2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters
2.3.3. Textiles
2.4. Healthcare
2.5. Third World
2.6. Environmental
3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS
3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power
3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics
3.2. New battery options
3.2.1. Smart Dust
3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries
3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices
3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation – integrated battery management
3.2.5. Infinite Power Solutions
3.2.6. Transparent printed organic batteries
3.2.7. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
3.2.8. Battery that incorporates energy harvesting – FlexEl
3.2.9. Technion Israel Institute of Science
3.2.10. Need for shape standards for laminar batteries
3.3. Alternatives to batteries
3.3.1. Supercapacitors
3.3.2. Supercapacitors and Supercabatteries
3.3.3. Supercabatteries
3.3.4. Mini fuel cells
4. LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES
4.1. Comparison of options
4.1.1. Important parameters
4.1.2. Principles of operation
4.1.3. Options for the future
4.1.4. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
4.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
4.3. Limits of CdTe
4.4. GaAsGe multilayers
4.5. DSSC
4.6. CIGS
4.7. Organic
4.8. Nanosilicon ink
4.9. Nantennas
4.10. Other options
4.10.1. Nanowire solar cells
5. MOVEMENT HARVESTING
5.1. Vibration harvesting
5.2. Movement harvesting options
5.2.1. Piezoelectric – conventional, ZnO and polymer
5.2.2. Electrostatic
5.2.3. Magnetostrictive
5.2.4. Energy harvesting electronics
5.3. Electroactive polymers
5.4. MEMS
5.5. Electrodynamic
5.5.1. Generation of electricity
5.5.2. Harvesting from the human heart
5.5.3. Bridge monitoring
5.5.4. Wind up foetal heart rate monitor
6. HEAT HARVESTING
6.1. Thermoelectrics
6.1.1. Thermoelectric construction
6.1.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
6.1.3. Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG)
6.1.4. Heat pumps

Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2011-2021

Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices

Single User License

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7. OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS
7.1. Electromagnetic field harnessing
7.2. Microbial and other fuel cells
7.3. Multiple energy harvesting
8. PROFILES OF PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES
8.2. Advanced Cerametrics
8.3. Agency for Defense Development
8.4. AIST Tsukuba
8.5. Alabama A.&M. University
8.6. Alps Electric
8.7. Ambient Research
8.8. AmbioSystems LLC
8.9. Applied Digital Solutions
8.10. Argonne National Laboratory
8.11. Arizona State University
8.12. Arveni
8.13. Australian National University – Department of Engineering
8.14. Avago Technologies General
8.15. BAE Systems
8.16. Boeing
8.17. California Institute of Technology
8.18. California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
8.19. California State University – Northridge
8.20. Carnegie Mellon University
8.21. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France)
8.22. Chinese University of Hong Kong
8.23. Chungbuk National University
8.24. Citizen Holding Co Ltd
8.25. China National Space Administration
8.26. Clarkson University
8.27. Cymtox Ltd
8.28. Drexel University
8.29. East Japan Railway Company
8.30. EDF R&D
8.31. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
8.32. Ember Corporation
8.33. Encrea srl
8.34. European Space Agency
8.35. Exergen
8.36. Fast Trak Ltd
8.37. Fatih University
8.38. Ferro Solutions, Inc.
8.39. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen
8.40. Freeplay Foundation
8.41. G24 Innovations
8.42. Ganssle Group
8.43. Gas Sensing Solution Ltd
8.44. General Electric Company
8.45. Georgia Institute of Technology
8.46. GreenPeak Technologies
8.47. Harvard University
8.48. High Merit Thermoelectrics
8.49. Hi-Tech Wealth
8.50. Holst Centre
8.51. Honeywell
8.52. Idaho National Laboratory
8.53. IMEC
8.54. Imperial College
8.55. India Space Research Organisation
8.56. IntAct
8.57. Intel
8.58. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
8.59. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
8.60. Kanazawa University
8.61. KCF Technologies Inc
8.62. Kinergi Pty Ltd
8.63. Kinetron BV
8.64. Kobe University
8.65. Konarka
8.66. Kookmin University,
8.67. Korea Electronics Company
8.68. Korea Institute of Science and Technology
8.69. Korea University
8.70. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
8.71. Lear Corporation
8.72. Lebônê Solutions
8.73. Leviton
8.74. Lockheed Martin Corporation
8.75. LV Sensors, Inc.
8.76. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8.77. MEMSCAP SA
8.78. Michigan Technological University
8.79. Microdul AG
8.80. Micropelt GmbH
8.81. MicroStrain Inc.,
8.82. Midé Technology Corporation
8.83. MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd
8.84. Mitsubishi Corporation
8.85. Nanosonic Inc
8.86. NASA
8.87. National Physical Laboratory
8.88. National Semiconductor
8.89. National Taiwan University,
8.90. National Tsing Hua University
8.91. Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd
8.92. Newcastle University
8.93. Nextreme
8.94. Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre
8.95. North Carolina State University
8.96. Northrop Grumman
8.97. Northeastern University
8.98. Northwestern University
8.99. Nova Mems
8.100. NTT DOCOMO
8.101. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
8.102. Ohio State University
8.103. Omron Corporation
8.104. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
8.105. Pavegen
8.106. Pennsylvania State University
8.107. Perpetua
8.108. Perpetuum Ltd
8.109. Polatis Photonics
8.110. POWERLeap
8.111. PowerFilm, Inc.
8.112. PulseSwitch Systems
8.113. Purdue University
8.114. Rockwell Automation
8.115. Rockwell Scientific
8.116. Rosemount, Inc.
8.117. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
8.118. Sagentia
8.119. Sandia National Laboratory
8.120. Satellite Services Ltd
8.121. Siemens Power Generation
8.122. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna
8.123. Seiko
8.124. SELEX Galileo
8.125. Sentilla Corporation
8.126. Shanghai Jiao Tong University
8.127. Simon Fraser University
8.128. Smart Material Corp.
8.129. SMH
8.130. Solid State Research inc
8.131. Sony
8.132. Southampton University Hospital
8.133. SPAWAR
8.134. Spectrolab Inc
8.135. State University of New Jersey
8.136. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
8.137. Syngenta Sensors UIC
8.138. Technical University of Ilmenau,
8.139. Thermolife Energy Corporation
8.140. The Technology Partnership
8.141. TIMA Laboratory
8.142. Tokyo Institute of Technology
8.143. Trophos Energy
8.144. TRW Conekt
8.145. Tyndall National Institute
8.146. University of Berlin
8.147. University of Bristol
8.148. University of California Berkeley
8.149. University of California Los Angeles
8.150. University of Edinburgh
8.151. University of Florida
8.152. University of Freiburg – IMTEK
8.153. University of Idaho
8.154. University of Michigan
8.155. University of Neuchatel
8.156. University of Oxford
8.157. University of Pittsburgh
8.158. University of Princeton
8.159. University of Sheffield
8.160. University of Southampton
8.161. University of Tokyo
8.162. Uppsala University
8.163. US Army Research Laboratory
8.164. Virginia Tech
8.165. Voltaic Systems Inc
8.166. Washington State University
8.167. Wireless Industrial Technologies
8.168. Yale University,
8.169. Yonsei University,
8.170. ZMD AG
9. THE ENOCEAN ALLIANCE
9.1. Promoters
9.1.1. BSC Computer GmbH – Germany
9.1.2. EnOcean -Germany
9.1.3. Leviton – United States
9.1.4. Masco – United States
9.1.5. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business) – United Kingdom
9.1.6. Omnio – Switzerland
9.1.7. OPUS greenNet – Germany
9.1.8. Texas Instruments – United States
9.1.9. Thermokon Sensortechnik – Germany
9.2. Participants
9.2.1. ACTE .PL
9.2.2. Ad Hoc Electronics – United States
9.2.3. Atlas Group
9.2.4. b.a.b technologie GmbH – Germany
9.2.5. Beckhoff – Germany
9.2.6. bk-electronic GmbH
9.2.7. BootUp GmbH – Switzerland
9.2.8. BSC Computer GmbH
9.2.9. Cozir – United Kindom
9.2.10. Denro – Germany
9.2.11. Distech Controls – Canada
9.2.12. DRSG
9.2.13. EchoFlex Solutions
9.2.14. EHRT
9.2.15. Elsner Elektronik – Germany
9.2.16. Eltako GmbH
9.2.17. Emerge Alliance
9.2.18. Ex-Or – United Kindom
9.2.19. Funk Technik – Germany
9.2.20. GE Energy – United States
9.2.21. GFR – Germany
9.2.22. Hansgrohe Group – Germany
9.2.23. Hautau – Germany
9.2.24. HESCH – Germany
9.2.25. Hoppe – Germany
9.2.26. Hotel Technology Next Generation – United States
9.2.27. IK Elektronik GmbH – Germany
9.2.28. ILLUMRA – United States
9.2.29. INSYS Electronics
9.2.30. Intesis Software SL – Spain
9.2.31. IP Controls – Germany
9.2.32. Jager Direkt GmbH & Co
9.2.33. Kieback&Peter GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.2.34. LonMark International
9.2.35. Lutuo – China
9.2.36. Magnum Energy Solutions LLC – United States
9.2.37. Murata Europe – Germany
9.2.38. Osram
9.2.39. Osram Silvania
9.2.40. OVERKIZ – Germany
9.2.41. PEHA
9.2.42. PEHA – Germany
9.2.43. PROBARE
9.2.44. Regulvar
9.2.45. Reliable Controls – Canada
9.2.46. S+S Regeltechnik
9.2.47. S4 Group – United States
9.2.48. Sauter
9.2.49. Schulte Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG
9.2.50. SCL Elements Inc – Canada
9.2.51. SensorDynamics AG
9.2.52. Servodan A/S
9.2.53. Shaspa – United Kingdom
9.2.54. Siemens Building Technologies – Switzerland
9.2.55. Siemens Building Technologies GmbH & Co
9.2.56. SmartHome Initiative – Germany
9.2.57. SOMMER – Germany
9.2.58. Spartan Peripheral Devices – Canada
9.2.59. Spega – Germany
9.2.60. steute Schaltgeräte GmbH & Co. KG
9.2.61. Texas Instruments
9.2.62. Titus – United States
9.2.63. Unitronic AG Zentrale – Germany
9.2.64. Unotech A/S – Denmark
9.2.65. USNAP – United States
9.2.66. Vicos – Austria
9.2.67. Viessmann Group – Germany
9.2.68. Vossloh-Schwabe – Germany
9.2.69. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.2.70. Wieland Electric GmbH – Germany
9.2.71. YTL Technologies – China
9.2.72. Zumtobel Lighting GmbH – Austria
9.3. Associates
9.3.1. A. & H. MEYER GmbH – Germany
9.3.2. ABC Shop 24 – Germany
9.3.3. Active Business Company GmbH
9.3.4. Akktor GmbH – Germany
9.3.5. Alvi Technologies
9.3.6. ASP Automacao – Brazil
9.3.7. Axis Lighting – Canada
9.3.8. Biberach University of Applied Sciences
9.3.9. bmd AG -Switzerland
9.3.10. BMS Systems
9.3.11. Building Intelligence Group LLC – United States
9.3.12. CAO Group, Inc. – United States
9.3.13. Circuit Holding – Egypt
9.3.14. Com-Pacte – France
9.3.15. Cymbet – United States
9.3.16. Dauphin – Germany
9.3.17. DigiTower Cologne
9.3.18. DimOnOff – Canada
9.3.19. Distech Controls
9.3.20. Dogma Living Technology – Greece
9.3.21. Elektro-Systeme Matthias Friedl – Germany
9.3.22. Elka Hugo Krischke GmbH – Germany
9.3.23. Encelium Technologies – United States
9.3.24. Energie Agentur
9.3.25. enexoma AG – Germany
9.3.26. Engenuity Systems
9.3.27. Engenuity Systems – United States
9.3.28. Engineered Tax Services – United States
9.3.29. EnOcean GmbH
9.3.30. Enolzu – Spain
9.3.31. Enotech – Denmark
9.3.32. ESIC Technology & Sourcing Co., Ltd.
9.3.33. Functional Devices Inc. – United States
9.3.34. Gesteknik
9.3.35. Green Link Alliance
9.3.36. Gruppo Giordano – Italian
9.3.37. Hagemeyer – Germany
9.3.38. HBC Hochschule Biberach – Germany
9.3.39. Herbert Waldmann GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.3.40. Hermos – Germany
9.3.41. HK Instruments – Finland
9.3.42. Hochschule Luzern – Technik & Architektur – Switzerland
9.3.43. I.M. tecnics – Spain
9.3.44. Indie Energy – United States
9.3.45. Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. – United States
9.3.46. Ingenieurbüro Knab GmbH – Germany
9.3.47. Ingenieurbüro Zink GmbH
9.3.48. Ingenieurbüro Zink GmbH – Germany
9.3.49. INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG
9.3.50. Interior Automation – United Kingdom
9.3.51. Ivory Egg – United Kingdom
9.3.52. Kaga Electronics – Japan
9.3.53. KIB Projekt GmbH
9.3.54. Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI) – Korea
9.3.55. KVL Comp Ltd.
9.3.56. Ledalite – Canada
9.3.57. LessWire, LLC
9.3.58. Lighting Control & Design – United States
9.3.59. LogiCO2 International SARL. – Luxembourg
9.3.60. Masco
9.3.61. Mitsubishi Materials Corporation – United States
9.3.62. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business)
9.3.63. MONDIAL Electronic GmbH – Austria
9.3.64. Moritani – Japan
9.3.65. Moritani and Co Ltd
9.3.66. MW-Elektroanlagen – Germany
9.3.67. myDATA – Germany
9.3.68. Nibblewave – France
9.3.69. OBERMEYER Planen + Beraten GmbH – Germany
9.3.70. Omnio
9.3.71. Orkit Building Intelligence
9.3.72. Pohlmann Funkbussystems – Germany
9.3.73. PressFinish GmbH – Germany
9.3.74. Prulite Ltd – United States
9.3.75. Pyrecap – France
9.3.76. PYRECAP/HYCOSYS
9.3.77. R+S Group – Germany
9.3.78. SANYO Semiconductor LLC. – United States
9.3.79. SAT Herbert GmbH
9.3.80. SAT System- und Anlagentechnik Herbert GmbH
9.3.81. Seamless Sensing – United Kingdom
9.3.82. Selmoni – Switzerland
9.3.83. Sensocasa – Germany
9.3.84. Seven Line Control Systems – France
9.3.85. SIFRI, S.L. – Spain
9.3.86. SmartLiving Asia – Hong Kong
9.3.87. Spittler Lichttechnik GmbH – Germany
9.3.88. Spoon2 International Limited – United Kingdom
9.3.89. Steinbeis Transferzentrum für Embedded Design und Networking
9.3.90. StyliQ – Germany
9.3.91. STZEDN – Germany
9.3.92. Suffice Group – Hong Kong
9.3.93. Tambient
9.3.94. Tambient – United States
9.3.95. Technograph Microcircuits Ltd
9.3.96. Teleprofi-Verbindet – Germany
9.3.97. Thermokon – Danelko Elektronik AB – Sweden
9.3.98. ThermoKon Sensortechnik
9.3.99. t-mac Technologies Limited – United Kingdom
9.3.100. Tridum – United States
9.3.101. TRILUX GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.3.102. Unitronic AG Zentrale
9.3.103. Vicos
9.3.104. Vity Technology – Hong Kong
9.3.105. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
9.3.106. WeberHaus – Germany
9.3.107. Web-IT – Germany
9.3.108. WelComm – United States
9.3.109. Wieland Electric GmbH
9.3.110. WIT – France
9.3.111. WM Ocean – Czech Republic
9.3.112. Yongfu – Singapore
9.3.113. Zurich University of Applied Science (ZHAW) – Switzerland
10. MARKET FORECASTS
10.1. Forecasts 2011-2021 for energy harvesting markets
10.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity
10.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2011-2021, 2031
10.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
10.1.4. Which technologies win?
10.2. Wireless sensor networks 2010-2020
10.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2030
10.4. Bicycle dynamo market
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
APPENDIX 3: PERMANENT POWER FOR WIRELESS SENSORS – WHITE PAPER FROM CYMBET
TABLES
1.1. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives
4.1. Comparison of pn junction and electrophotochemical photovoltaics.
4.2. The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared
4.3. CdTe cost advantage
4.4. Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC
10.1. Some high volume addressable global markets for energy harvesting for small devices
10.2. Ambient power available for volume markets
10.3. Addressable market for high priced energy harvesting
10.4. Electronic products selling in billions yearly and their pricing
10.5. Global market for energy harvesting
10.6. Consumer market for energy harvesting
10.7. Industrial, healthcare and other non- consumer markets for energy harvesting
10.8. Wristwatches
10.9. Bicycle dynamo
10.10. Laptops and e-books
10.11. Mobile phones
10.12. Other portable consumer electronics~
10.13. Wireless sensor mesh networks
10.14. Other Industrial^
10.15. Military and aerospace+ excluding WSN
10.16. Healthcare#
10.17. Other+
10.18. Consumer vs other market value by technology 2021
10.19. Consumer market value in $ million by application and technology 2021
10.20. Other market in $ million by application and technology in 2021
10.21. IDTechEx forecast of market % value share of total photovoltaic market by technology excluding conventional crystalline silicon
10.22. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
10.23. Division of value sales between the technologies in 2021
10.24. Percentage value share of the global market for energy harvesting across large areas such as vehicles and railway stations (eg regenerative braking, shock absorbers, exhaust heat) in 2021
10.25. IDTechEx Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Forecast 2010-2020 with Real Time Locating Systems RTLS for comparison
10.26. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030 and market drivers
10.27. Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030
10.28. Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030
10.29. WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030 and cost reduction factors
10.30. WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.31. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.32. Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
FIGURES
1.1. Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the types of battery employed
1.2. Ten year improvement in electronics, photovoltaics and batteries
2.1. Temperature monitoring on high speed trains
2.2. Huge number of potential WSN applications in the SNCF system
2.3. Evolution of a few of the feasible features for e-labels and e-packaging
3.1. Battery assisted passive RFID label recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit
3.2. Smart Dust WSN node concept with thick film battery and solar cells
3.3. New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery
3.4. World’s first thin-film battery with integrated battery management
3.5. Infinite Power solutions produce thin, lithium based rechargeable batteries
3.6. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
3.7. Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC
3.8. Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery
4.1. NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions
4.2. International Space Station
4.3. Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide
4.4. Some candidates for the different photovoltaic requirements
4.5. Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells
4.6. DSSC design principle
4.7. HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix
4.8. The CIGS flexible photovoltaics of Odersun AG of Germany is used for energy harvesting to mobile phones on the bag of Bagjack of Germany
4.9. CIGS construction
4.10. The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy
4.11. Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008.
4.12. Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics
4.13. Module stack for photovoltaics
4.14. INL nantennas on film
4.15. Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA
5.1. Power paving
5.2. Microscope image shows the fibers that are part of the microfiber nanogenerator. The top one is coated with gold
5.3. Schematic shows how pairs of fibers would generate electrical current.
5.4. Piezo eel
5.5. Capacitive biomimetic energy harvesting
5.6. Midé energy harvesting electronics
5.7. Artificial Muscle business plan
5.8. Artificial Muscle’s actuator
5.9. MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across
5.10. Examples of electrodynamic harvesting
5.11. Heart harvester
6.1. The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit
6.2. Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch
6.3. The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers
8.1. Profiled organisations by continent
8.2. Profiled organisations by country
8.3. Number in sample by intended sector of end use
8.4. Number of cases by type of harvesting
8.5. Transparent photovoltaic film
8.6. Arveni piezoelectric batteryless remote control
8.7. Advertisement for Citizen Eco-Drive
8.8. CNSA moon orbiting satellite with solar cells
8.9. Solar powered ESA satellites
8.10. Electrical lanterns, torches etc charged by hand cranking.
8.11. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa
8.12. Solar sail
8.13. Light in Africa
8.14. Hi-Tech Wealth’s S116 clamshell solar phone
8.15. Nantennas
8.16. Bulk nantennas
8.17. Human sensor networks
8.18. ISRO moon satellite
8.19. JAXA moon project
8.20. “Ibuki” GOSAT greenhouse gas monitoring satellite
8.21. KCF Harvesting Sensor Demonstration Pack
8.22. Flux density of a microgenerator
8.23. 3D drawing of the Pedal Light
8.24. WSN deployment
8.25. Micropelt thermoelectric harvester in action
8.26. Helicopter vibration harvester
8.27. Bell model 412 helicopter
8.28. Solar-powered wireless G-Link seismic sensor on the Corinth Bridge in Greece.
8.29. Multiple solar-powered nodes monitor strain and vibration at key locations on the Goldstar Bridge over the Thames River in New London, Conn
8.30. MicroStrain Wireless sensor and data acquisition system. Source: MicroStrain Inc
8.31. Volture vibration harvester
8.32. Another version of Volture
8.33. International Space Station
8.34. Solar panels for the Hubble telescope
8.35. Schematic representations of a PN-couple used as TEC (left) based on the Peltier effect or TEG (right) based on the Seebeck effect.
8.36. Nextreme thermoelectric generator
8.37. eTEC Module and Die
8.38. Morph concept
8.39. Flexible & Changing Design
8.40. Concept device based on reduce, reuse recycle envisages many forms of energy harvesting
8.41. Carrying strap provides power to the sensor unit
8.42. An optical image of an electronic device in a complex deformation mode
8.43. NTT DOCOMO concept phone with energy harvesting
8.44. Pavegen Systems Limited is looking for ways to tap into the energy of moving crowds
8.45. Heart energy harvesting
8.46. Perpetuum vibration harvester
8.47. PowerFilm literature
8.48. PulseSwitch Systems makes piezoelectric wireless switches that do not need a battery
8.49. Seiko Thermic wristwatch
8.50. Knee-Mounted Device Generates Electricity While You Walk
8.51. Tissot Autoquartz
8.52. Heart harvester developed at Southampton University Hospital
8.53. Compromise between power density and energy density
8.54. Thin film batteries with supercapacitors were efficient for energy storage
8.55. Two other battery formats
8.56. Syngenta sensor
8.57. Trophos BES Power Management & Application Architecture
8.58. Transmitter left and implanted receiver right for inductively powered implantable dropped foot stimulator for stroke victims
8.59. PicoBeacon, the first fully self-contained wireless transmitter powered solely by solar energy
8.60. Surveillance bat
8.61. Sensor head on COM-BAT
8.62. A solar bag that is powerful enough to charge a laptop
9.1. Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean
9.2. Solar powered wireless sensor node
9.3. Sensor monitoring rock net using energy of net movement and solar cells
10.1. Energy harvesting for small devices, renewable energy replacing power stations and what comes between.
10.2. Global market number million
10.3. Global market unit value dollars
10.4. Global market total value millions of dollars
10.5. Consumer market number million
10.6. Consumer market unit value dollars
10.7. Consumer market total value millions of dollars
10.8. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets number million
10.9. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets unit value dollars
10.10. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets total value millions of dollars
10.11. Consumer market number by sector
10.12. Consumer market total value by sector
10.13. Consumer market value by technology 2021
10.14. Other market value by technology 2021
10.15. Total market value by technology 2021
10.16. Meter reading nodes number million 2010-2020
10.17. Meter reading nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020
10.18. Meter reading nodes total value dollars 2010-2020
10.19. Other nodes number million 2010-2020
10.20. Other nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020
10.21. Other nodes total value dollars 2010-2020
10.22. Total node value billion dollars 2010-2020
10.23. WSN systems and software excluding nodes billion dollars 2010-2020
10.24. Total WSN market million dollars 2010-2020
10.25. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.26. Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030
10.27. Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030
10.28. WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030
10.29. WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.30. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.31. Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.32. Global bicycle and car production millions
82. University of Michigan
8.183. University of Neuchatel
8.184. University of Oxford
8.185. University of Pittsburgh
8.186. University of Sheffield
8.187. University of Southampton
8.188. University of Tokyo
8.189. Uppsala University
8.190. US Army Research Laboratory
8.191. Vicos
8.192. Virginia Tech
8.193. Voltaic Systems Inc
8.194. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
8.195. Washington State University
8.196. Wieland Electric GmbH
8.197. Wireless Industrial Technologies
8.198. Yale University,
8.199. Yonsei University,
8.200. ZMD AG
9. MARKET FORECASTS
9.1. Forecasts 2009- 2019 for energy harvesting markets
9.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity
9.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2009-2019, 2029
9.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
9.2. Wireless sensor networks 2009-2019
9.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2029
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS
APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Market Research Reports

Electric Vehicles Market

Russia Market Research

 

 

 

Wireless Power Transmission for Consumer Electronics and Electric Vehicles 2012-2022

Wireless Power Transmission for Consumer Electronics and Electric Vehicles

Over the next decade, the most vibrant Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) markets will involve the contactless charging of portable and mobile equipment, in particular consumer electronics and electric vehicles and this is the focus of this report. These two aspects go together because the technology is similar, some proposed standards overlap and some suppliers seek to serve both markets.

Later, this will lead to contactless power for a high proportion of static consumer, industrial and military electronics. For now, it primarily concerns wireless charging of lithium-ion batteries in portable consumer electronics and in land, water and airborne electric vehicles, particularly cars, both hybrid and pure electric. These travel considerable distances and ready availability of standard, convenient ie contactless, charging capability is key to their widespread adoption. To the user of consumer electronics, this is particularly driven by the ever greater functionality and longer hours of use of mobile phones calling for frequent charging, given that the batteries are not improving fast enough.

Consumer electronics has a very powerful driver towards contactless charging in the form of the extreme inconvenience of the proliferation of electrically charged products each with an incompatible charging power supply, three to four billion units being made every year – a potential market for wireless charging pairs of up to ten billion dollars yearly, given market growth and an allied market of wireless power to electronic and electric consumer products that do not need charging. Similarly, there is a large unmet demand for wireless charging of vehicles, so the driver avoids the inconvenience, dirtiness and danger of having to get out of the vehicle to plug in something during bad weather or dangerous neighbourhoods. Many prefer not to handle heavy electrical equipment.

IDTechEx forecasts the number, unit value and market value of this charging equipment for 2012-2022, including separately the Levels 1-3 of charging speed for vehicles. The forecasts reflect a full consideration of the many market drivers. Unusually, the report evaluates the many negatives delaying market growth not just the positives that are the focus of previous reports on this subject that tend to substitute enthusiasm for reality. The technology options, suppliers and their successes and challenges, standards activities and the influence of related technologies such as metamaterials, printed electronics and printed electrics are considered. The relevant needs of the consumer packaged goods industry are considered as it becomes electronic. 24 tables and 45 figures pull this together, with 42 suppliers and their partnerships profiled in this 145 page report containing glossary and appendices.

Publisher >> IDTechEx
Report Category: Utilities

Table of Contents

1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

2.INTRODUCTION2.1.What is Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)?

3.TECHNOLOGIES3.1.Device power consumption

3.2.WPT past present and future

3.3.What WPT encompasses

3.4.Charging levels

3.5.Options for short range inductive coupling

3.6.Radio Frequency RF

3.7.Radio frequency UHF

3.8.Ambient energy harvesting

3.9.Duke University

3.10.Microwave and laser beams

3.10.1.The laser and microwave alternatives

4.STANDARDS

4.1.Wireless Power Consortium

4.1.2.The purpose of the Wireless Power Consortium

4.1.3.Progress in adopting the standards

4.1.4.Consumer Electronics Association

4.1.5.Contacted power supply standard in the European Union

4.1.6.Contacted power supply standard in the People’s Republic of China

4.1.7.Contacted power supply standard in South Korea

5.ORGANISATIONS WIRELESSLY POWERING TRADITIONAL ELECTRONICS

5.1.1.AMIMON

5.1.2.Dell USA

5.1.3.Energizer USA

5.1.4.Fulton Innovation USA

5.1.5.Haier Group USA

5.1.6.Hewlett Packard

5.1.7.Intel USA

5.1.8.KI USA

5.1.9.Leggett & Pratt USA

5.1.10.Marconi Circuit Technology Corporation USA

5.1.11.Mojo Mobility USA

5.1.12.Philips Netherlands

5.1.13.Powermat USA

5.1.14.PureEnergy Solutions USA

5.1.15.Qualcomm USA

5.1.16.Research in Motion USA

5.1.17.Rohm USA

5.1.18.RTX Consumer Products Hong Kong

5.1.19.Sanyo Japan

5.1.20.Seiko Epson Corporation Japan

5.1.21.Texas Instruments USA

5.1.22.Wipower USA

6.POWERING CONSUMER PACKAGED GOODS CPG

6.1.The need for WPT with CPG

6.1.1.Bundesdruckerei Germany

6.1.2.Fulton Innovation USA

6.1.3.Poly IC Germany

6.1.4.Schreiner PrinTronics Germany

6.1.5.Toppan Forms Japan

7.CHARGING ELECTRIC VEHICLES

7.1.History of vehicle charging

7.2.Company profiles

7.2.1.Conductix-Wampfler Italy

7.2.2.Energy Dynamics Laboratory USA

7.2.3.Evatran USA

7.2.4.HaloIPT New Zealand

7.2.5.Korea Advanced Institute of Technology

7.2.6.Magna-Charge USA

7.2.7.Nissan Japan

7.2.8.Presidio Graduate School USA

7.2.9.RRC Germany

7.2.10.Siemens-BMW

7.2.11.Singapore A*STAR

7.2.12.Utah State University USA

7.2.13.Volvo and Flanders Drive Sweden, Belgium

7.2.14.WiTricity and Partners USA

8.GLOBAL MARKET FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE8.1.Ten year forecasts

8.2.Pricing information

8.3.Forecasts of Level 1, 2 & 3

8.4.Examples of expenditure in China

8.5.Market beyond cars

8.6.Vehicle projections by type

8.7.Market drivers for charging stations

9.MARKET FORECASTS

9.1.WPT Forecasts 2012-2022

9.2.Market by region

9.2.1.Technology road map

APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY

APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY

APPENDIX 3: INTRODUCTION TO METAMATERIALS

APPENDIX 4: INTRODUCTION PRINTED ELECTRONICS

TABLES

1.1. Number, unit value ex-factory and total market value rounded of WPT hardware sold for consumer electronics worldwide 2012-2022

1.2. Number, hardware unit value ex-factory excluding any power storage and total market value rounded of contactless on-road vehicle charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2012-2022

1.3. Number of on-road vehicle charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, other and total, rounded, including plug-in and contactless

1.4. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions

3.1. 2000 year history of WPT, wireless power charging and batteries

7.1. The good and the bad of inductive contactless charging of electric vehicles

8.1. Global market for electric vehicle chargers US$ billion ex factory 2011 and 2021 rounded

8.2. Approximate global car charging station market in 2011 and 2021 in $ billion rounded

8.3. Value of the global traction battery charging station hardware market 2011-2021 giving percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021

8.4. Number of car charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, other and total, rounded

8.5. Numbers thousands of the three levels of car charging station hardware worldwide 2011-2021

8.6. Examples of orders and commitments for non-residential car charging stations for on-road vehicles

8.7. Average unit price ex factory of the three levels of car charging station hardware 2011-2021 in $ thousands, excluding energy storage

8.8. Typical hardware price of charging stations indoor and outdoor in $ thousands

8.9. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions

8.10. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2012-2022 in thousands of units rounded

8.11. The charging infrastructure situation by category

8.12. Sales of Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units

8.13. Split between Level 2 and Level 3 chargers with rounded percentage

8.14. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2011-2021

9.1. Number, unit value ex-factory and total market value rounded of WPT hardware sold for consumer electronics worldwide 2012-2022

9.2. Number, hardware unit value ex-factory excluding any power storage and total market value rounded of contactless on-road vehicle charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2012-2022

9.3. Number of on-road vehicle charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, other and total, rounded, including plug-in and contactless

9.4. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions

FIGURES

2.1. Concept of a wireless power mat

3.1. Power requirements and sources for lowest power devices compared with contactless personal electrics and contactless vehicle charging

3.2. The place of energy harvesting in wirelessly powering electronic and electrical devices and vehicles

3.3. Solar bag and solar panel on phone, both for charging phones

3.4. Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries

3.5. Laptop fire caused by lithium-ion battery

3.6. Electric taxi in China on fire due to lithium-ion battery

3.7. Fatal UPS plane crash caused by the lithium battery cargo

3.8. The inadequate improvement in batteries compared to other technologies in the last 20 years

3.9. Powercast wireless sensor node without a battery, utilising transmitted UHF power

3.10. LaserMotive objectives illustrated

4.1. WPC interoperability logo

5.1. Photographs of the experimental set-up for RF-powered e-Skin in the dark (top) and transparent state (bottom)

5.2. Example of a segmented e-Skin panel (in two different states), illustrating the design freedom

5.3. A functional sample of an e-Skin window from Philips Research and Holst Centre that doesn’t require external power or batteries

5.4. WilkCharge mat

5.5. eneloop

6.1. Fulton wireless power integration in packaging

6.2. Wireless power circuit is printed directly

6.3. Poly IC application

6.4. PolyLogo®-RAD radio activated displays

6.5. Card with no battery, the image being illuminated by RF from RFID reader

7.1. Hino “no plug in” bus

7.2. In-road charging of small buses in Turin Italy

7.3. Evatran EV charging

7.4. Evatran Plugless Power EV charging station

7.5. HaloIPT 2010 launch of the first wireless charging in the UK

7.6. Operating principle of HaloIPT

7.7. Drayson racing car

7.8. KAIST OLEVs in 2010

7.9. Proximity charged tram

7.10. Inductive paddle

7.11. Wireless e-bike charger

7.12. Principle of the WiTricity Delphi wireless charging system

8.1. Value of the global traction battery charging station hardware market 2011-2021 percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021

8.2. Nissan backed charging stations being installed in the USA by region

8.3. Number of car charging stations sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, outdoor and destination, rounded

8.4. Numbers thousands of the three levels of charging station worldwide 2011-2021

8.5. Average unit price of the three levels of charging station hardware vehicle 2011-2021 in $ thousands

8.6. BYD Auto charging station for pure electric taxis in China

8.7. Slow charging station in China

8.8. Fast charger for lead acid traction batteries in electric bicycles in China

8.9. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions

8.10. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2012-2022 in thousands of units

8.11. Total number of plug-in cars in thousands 2011-2021

Market Research Reports

Electric Vehicles Market

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