Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2011-2021
Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices
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Energy harvesting is otherwise known as power harvesting or energy scavenging. It is the use of ambient energy to power small electronic or electrical devices. That means solar cells on satellites, heat powered sensors buried in engines, vibration harvesting for helicopter electronics and the wind- up radio or lantern. However, there are also several more esoteric options.
Energy harvesting has reached a tipping point. This is because the necessary lower power electronics and more efficient energy gathering and storage are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for a huge number of applications to be practicable. From wind-up laptops for Africa to the wireless light switch working from the power of your finger, these things are either available or imminently available. And photovoltaics, long used in aerospace, has come down-market, even to road furniture but it has much further to go even to disposable solar film and even solar paint. The first solar powered watches and phones have appeared. Some new photovoltaic technologies are printed reel to reel at low cost, the resulting film working off heat as well as light. For example, Sony is commercialising flexible solar cells for indoor use.
However, there are further mountains to climb from self powered wireless sensors monitoring forest fires, pollution spillages and even inside the human body and in the concrete of buildings. These applications will become commonplace one day. Even devices with maintenance-free life of hundreds of years can now be envisaged. Meanwhile, bionic man containing maintenance free, self-powered devices for his lifetime is an objective for the next few years.
How do these things work? Which technologies have the most potential now and in the future? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Which countries have the most active programs and why? What are the leading universities, developers, manufacturers and other players up to? What alliances exist? What are the timelines for success? All these questions and more are answered in this report.
First prepared in late 2008/ early 2009, is the fruit of global visits, literature searches and interviews by technically qualified IDTechEx staff. IDTechEx stages the largest conferences in three continents on Printed Electronics and the only major conferences on Real Time Locating Systems/Wireless Sensor Networks and Photovoltaics beyond Conventional Silicon, plus a major RFID conference. These and its widespread technical and marketing consultancy business provides unique insight into what is happening and about to happen. IDTechEx has offices in the USA, UK, Germany, Poland and New Zealand and is setting up an office in Japan. Its staff speak many languages, travel intensively and are well placed to see the future.
Publisher >> IDTechEx
Report Category: Consumer Electronics
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is energy harvesting?
1.2. What it is not
1.3. Power requirements of different devices
1.4. Harvesting options to meet these requirements
1.5. Battery advances fail to keep up – implications
1.6. Some key enablers for the future – printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS
1.6.1. Printed and thin film
1.6.2. Smart substrates
1.6.3. MEMS
2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Aerospace and military
2.2. Industrial
2.2.1. Standards – EnOcean Alliance and Buildings
2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems
2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
2.2.4. Aircraft, engines and machinery
2.3. Consumer
2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc
2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters
2.4. Healthcare
2.5. Third World
2.6. Environmental
3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS
3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power
3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics
3.2. New battery options
3.2.1. Smart Dust
3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries
3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices
3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation – integrated battery management
3.2.5. Transparent printed organic batteries
3.2.6. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
3.2.7. Need for shape standards for laminar batteries
3.3. Alternatives to batteries
3.3.1. Supercapacitors
3.3.2. Supercabatteries
3.3.3. Mini fuel cells
4. LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES
4.1. Comparison of options
4.1.1. Important parameters
4.1.2. Principles of operation
4.1.3. Options for the future
4.1.4. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
4.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
4.3. Limits of CdTe
4.4. GaAsGe multilayers
4.5. DSSC
4.6. CIGS
4.7. Organic
4.8. Nanosilicon ink
4.9. Nantennas
4.10. Other options
4.10.1. Nanowire solar cells
5. MOVEMENT HARVESTING
5.1. Vibration harvesting
5.2. Movement harvesting options
5.2.1. Piezoelectric – conventional, ZnO and polymer
5.2.2. Electrostatic
5.2.3. Magnetostrictive
5.2.4. Energy harvesting electronics
5.3. Electroactive polymers
5.4. MEMS
5.5. Electrodynamic
6. HEAT HARVESTING
6.1. Thermoelectrics
6.1.1. Thermoelectric construction
6.1.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
6.1.3. Heat pumps
7. OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS
7.1. Electromagnetic field harnessing
7.2. Microbial and other fuel cells
8. PROFILES OF 200 PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES
8.1. Active Business Company GmbH
8.2. AdaptivEnergy
8.3. AdHoc Electronics
8.4. Advanced Cerametrics
8.5. Agency for Defense Development
8.6. AIST Tsukuba
8.7. Alabama A.&M. University
8.8. Alps Electric
8.9. Alvi Technologies
8.10. Ambient Research
8.11. AmbioSystems LLC
8.12. Applied Digital Solutions
8.13. Argonne National Laboratory
8.14. Arizona State University
8.15. Australian National University – Department of Engineering
8.16. BAE Systems
8.17. Biberach University of Applied Sciences
8.18. bk-electronic GmbH
8.19. BootUp GmbH
8.20. BSC Computer GmbH
8.21. California Institute of Technology
8.22. California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
8.23. California State University – Northridge
8.24. Carnegie Mellon University
8.25. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France)
8.26. Chinese University of Hong Kong
8.27. Chungbuk National University
8.28. Citizen Holding Co Ltd
8.29. China National Space Administration
8.30. Clarkson University
8.31. Cymtox Ltd
8.32. DigiTower Cologne
8.33. Distech Controls
8.34. Drexel University
8.35. East Japan Railway Company
8.36. EchoFlex Solutions
8.37. EDF R&D
8.38. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
8.39. Eltako GmbH
8.40. Ember Corporation
8.41. Encrea srl
8.42. Energie Agentur
8.43. Engenuity Systems
8.44. EnOcean GmbH
8.45. European Space Agency
8.46. Exergen
8.47. Fast Trak Ltd
8.48. Fatih University
8.49. Ferro Solutions, Inc.
8.50. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen
8.51. Freeplay Foundation
8.52. G24 Innovations
8.53. Ganssle Group
8.54. Georgia Institute of Technology
8.55. GreenPeak Technologies
8.56. Harvard University
8.57. High Merit Thermoelectrics
8.58. Hi-Tech Wealth
8.59. Holst Centre
8.60. Honeywell
8.61. Idaho National Laboratory
8.62. IMEC
8.63. Imperial College
8.64. India Space Research Organisation
8.65. Ingenieurbro Zink GmbH
8.66. INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG
8.67. INSYS Electronics
8.68. IntAct
8.69. Intel
8.70. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
8.71. Jager Direkt GmbH & Co
8.72. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
8.73. Kanazawa University
8.74. KCF Technologies Inc
8.75. KIB Projekt GmbH
8.76. Kinetron BV
8.77. Kobe University
8.78. Konarka
8.79. Kookmin University,
8.80. Korea Electronics Company
8.81. Korea Institute of Science and Technology
8.82. Korea University
8.83. KVL Comp Ltd.
8.84. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
8.85. Lebn Solutions
8.86. LessWire, LLC
8.87. Leviton
8.88. LonMark International
8.89. Masco
8.90. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8.91. MEMSCAP SA
8.92. Michigan Technological University
8.93. Microdul AG
8.94. Micropelt GmbH
8.95. MicroStrain Inc.,
8.96. Mid Technology Corporation
8.97. MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd
8.98. Mitsubishi Corporation
8.99. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business)
8.100. Moritani and Co Ltd
8.101. Nanosonic Inc
8.102. NASA
8.103. National Physical Laboratory
8.104. National Semiconductor
8.105. National Taiwan University,
8.106. National Tsing Hua University
8.107. Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd
8.108. Newcastle University
8.109. Nextreme
8.110. Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre
8.111. North Carolina State University
8.112. Northrop Grumman
8.113. Northeastern University
8.114. Northwestern University
8.115. Nova Mems
8.116. NTT DOCOMO
8.117. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
8.118. Ohio State University
8.119. Omnio
8.120. Omron Corporation
8.121. Orkit Building Intelligence
8.122. Osram
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What is energy harvesting?
1.2. What it is not
1.3. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives
1.4. Power requirements of different devices
1.5. Harvesting options to meet these requirements
1.6. Battery advances fail to keep up – implications
1.7. Some key enablers for the future – printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS
1.7.1. Printed and thin film
1.7.2. Smart substrates
1.7.3. MEMS
2. APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Aerospace and military
2.2. Industrial
2.2.1. Standards – EnOcean Alliance vs ZigBee
2.2.2. Real Time Locating Systems
2.2.3. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
2.2.4. Aircraft, engines, automotive and machinery
2.3. Consumer
2.3.1. Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc
2.3.2. E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters
2.3.3. Textiles
2.4. Healthcare
2.5. Third World
2.6. Environmental
3. HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS
3.1. Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power
3.1.1. Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics
3.2. New battery options
3.2.1. Smart Dust
3.2.2. Lithium laminar batteries
3.2.3. Planar Energy Devices
3.2.4. Cymbet Corporation – integrated battery management
3.2.5. Infinite Power Solutions
3.2.6. Transparent printed organic batteries
3.2.7. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
3.2.8. Battery that incorporates energy harvesting – FlexEl
3.2.9. Technion Israel Institute of Science
3.2.10. Need for shape standards for laminar batteries
3.3. Alternatives to batteries
3.3.1. Supercapacitors
3.3.2. Supercapacitors and Supercabatteries
3.3.3. Supercabatteries
3.3.4. Mini fuel cells
4. LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES
4.1. Comparison of options
4.1.1. Important parameters
4.1.2. Principles of operation
4.1.3. Options for the future
4.1.4. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
4.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
4.3. Limits of CdTe
4.4. GaAsGe multilayers
4.5. DSSC
4.6. CIGS
4.7. Organic
4.8. Nanosilicon ink
4.9. Nantennas
4.10. Other options
4.10.1. Nanowire solar cells
5. MOVEMENT HARVESTING
5.1. Vibration harvesting
5.2. Movement harvesting options
5.2.1. Piezoelectric – conventional, ZnO and polymer
5.2.2. Electrostatic
5.2.3. Magnetostrictive
5.2.4. Energy harvesting electronics
5.3. Electroactive polymers
5.4. MEMS
5.5. Electrodynamic
5.5.1. Generation of electricity
5.5.2. Harvesting from the human heart
5.5.3. Bridge monitoring
5.5.4. Wind up foetal heart rate monitor
6. HEAT HARVESTING
6.1. Thermoelectrics
6.1.1. Thermoelectric construction
6.1.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
6.1.3. Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG)
6.1.4. Heat pumps
Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2011-2021
Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices
Single User License
$3995
7. OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS
7.1. Electromagnetic field harnessing
7.2. Microbial and other fuel cells
7.3. Multiple energy harvesting
8. PROFILES OF PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES
8.2. Advanced Cerametrics
8.3. Agency for Defense Development
8.4. AIST Tsukuba
8.5. Alabama A.&M. University
8.6. Alps Electric
8.7. Ambient Research
8.8. AmbioSystems LLC
8.9. Applied Digital Solutions
8.10. Argonne National Laboratory
8.11. Arizona State University
8.12. Arveni
8.13. Australian National University – Department of Engineering
8.14. Avago Technologies General
8.15. BAE Systems
8.16. Boeing
8.17. California Institute of Technology
8.18. California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
8.19. California State University – Northridge
8.20. Carnegie Mellon University
8.21. CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France)
8.22. Chinese University of Hong Kong
8.23. Chungbuk National University
8.24. Citizen Holding Co Ltd
8.25. China National Space Administration
8.26. Clarkson University
8.27. Cymtox Ltd
8.28. Drexel University
8.29. East Japan Railway Company
8.30. EDF R&D
8.31. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)
8.32. Ember Corporation
8.33. Encrea srl
8.34. European Space Agency
8.35. Exergen
8.36. Fast Trak Ltd
8.37. Fatih University
8.38. Ferro Solutions, Inc.
8.39. Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen
8.40. Freeplay Foundation
8.41. G24 Innovations
8.42. Ganssle Group
8.43. Gas Sensing Solution Ltd
8.44. General Electric Company
8.45. Georgia Institute of Technology
8.46. GreenPeak Technologies
8.47. Harvard University
8.48. High Merit Thermoelectrics
8.49. Hi-Tech Wealth
8.50. Holst Centre
8.51. Honeywell
8.52. Idaho National Laboratory
8.53. IMEC
8.54. Imperial College
8.55. India Space Research Organisation
8.56. IntAct
8.57. Intel
8.58. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
8.59. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
8.60. Kanazawa University
8.61. KCF Technologies Inc
8.62. Kinergi Pty Ltd
8.63. Kinetron BV
8.64. Kobe University
8.65. Konarka
8.66. Kookmin University,
8.67. Korea Electronics Company
8.68. Korea Institute of Science and Technology
8.69. Korea University
8.70. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
8.71. Lear Corporation
8.72. Lebônê Solutions
8.73. Leviton
8.74. Lockheed Martin Corporation
8.75. LV Sensors, Inc.
8.76. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8.77. MEMSCAP SA
8.78. Michigan Technological University
8.79. Microdul AG
8.80. Micropelt GmbH
8.81. MicroStrain Inc.,
8.82. Midé Technology Corporation
8.83. MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd
8.84. Mitsubishi Corporation
8.85. Nanosonic Inc
8.86. NASA
8.87. National Physical Laboratory
8.88. National Semiconductor
8.89. National Taiwan University,
8.90. National Tsing Hua University
8.91. Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd
8.92. Newcastle University
8.93. Nextreme
8.94. Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre
8.95. North Carolina State University
8.96. Northrop Grumman
8.97. Northeastern University
8.98. Northwestern University
8.99. Nova Mems
8.100. NTT DOCOMO
8.101. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
8.102. Ohio State University
8.103. Omron Corporation
8.104. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
8.105. Pavegen
8.106. Pennsylvania State University
8.107. Perpetua
8.108. Perpetuum Ltd
8.109. Polatis Photonics
8.110. POWERLeap
8.111. PowerFilm, Inc.
8.112. PulseSwitch Systems
8.113. Purdue University
8.114. Rockwell Automation
8.115. Rockwell Scientific
8.116. Rosemount, Inc.
8.117. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
8.118. Sagentia
8.119. Sandia National Laboratory
8.120. Satellite Services Ltd
8.121. Siemens Power Generation
8.122. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna
8.123. Seiko
8.124. SELEX Galileo
8.125. Sentilla Corporation
8.126. Shanghai Jiao Tong University
8.127. Simon Fraser University
8.128. Smart Material Corp.
8.129. SMH
8.130. Solid State Research inc
8.131. Sony
8.132. Southampton University Hospital
8.133. SPAWAR
8.134. Spectrolab Inc
8.135. State University of New Jersey
8.136. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
8.137. Syngenta Sensors UIC
8.138. Technical University of Ilmenau,
8.139. Thermolife Energy Corporation
8.140. The Technology Partnership
8.141. TIMA Laboratory
8.142. Tokyo Institute of Technology
8.143. Trophos Energy
8.144. TRW Conekt
8.145. Tyndall National Institute
8.146. University of Berlin
8.147. University of Bristol
8.148. University of California Berkeley
8.149. University of California Los Angeles
8.150. University of Edinburgh
8.151. University of Florida
8.152. University of Freiburg – IMTEK
8.153. University of Idaho
8.154. University of Michigan
8.155. University of Neuchatel
8.156. University of Oxford
8.157. University of Pittsburgh
8.158. University of Princeton
8.159. University of Sheffield
8.160. University of Southampton
8.161. University of Tokyo
8.162. Uppsala University
8.163. US Army Research Laboratory
8.164. Virginia Tech
8.165. Voltaic Systems Inc
8.166. Washington State University
8.167. Wireless Industrial Technologies
8.168. Yale University,
8.169. Yonsei University,
8.170. ZMD AG
9. THE ENOCEAN ALLIANCE
9.1. Promoters
9.1.1. BSC Computer GmbH – Germany
9.1.2. EnOcean -Germany
9.1.3. Leviton – United States
9.1.4. Masco – United States
9.1.5. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business) – United Kingdom
9.1.6. Omnio – Switzerland
9.1.7. OPUS greenNet – Germany
9.1.8. Texas Instruments – United States
9.1.9. Thermokon Sensortechnik – Germany
9.2. Participants
9.2.1. ACTE .PL
9.2.2. Ad Hoc Electronics – United States
9.2.3. Atlas Group
9.2.4. b.a.b technologie GmbH – Germany
9.2.5. Beckhoff – Germany
9.2.6. bk-electronic GmbH
9.2.7. BootUp GmbH – Switzerland
9.2.8. BSC Computer GmbH
9.2.9. Cozir – United Kindom
9.2.10. Denro – Germany
9.2.11. Distech Controls – Canada
9.2.12. DRSG
9.2.13. EchoFlex Solutions
9.2.14. EHRT
9.2.15. Elsner Elektronik – Germany
9.2.16. Eltako GmbH
9.2.17. Emerge Alliance
9.2.18. Ex-Or – United Kindom
9.2.19. Funk Technik – Germany
9.2.20. GE Energy – United States
9.2.21. GFR – Germany
9.2.22. Hansgrohe Group – Germany
9.2.23. Hautau – Germany
9.2.24. HESCH – Germany
9.2.25. Hoppe – Germany
9.2.26. Hotel Technology Next Generation – United States
9.2.27. IK Elektronik GmbH – Germany
9.2.28. ILLUMRA – United States
9.2.29. INSYS Electronics
9.2.30. Intesis Software SL – Spain
9.2.31. IP Controls – Germany
9.2.32. Jager Direkt GmbH & Co
9.2.33. Kieback&Peter GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.2.34. LonMark International
9.2.35. Lutuo – China
9.2.36. Magnum Energy Solutions LLC – United States
9.2.37. Murata Europe – Germany
9.2.38. Osram
9.2.39. Osram Silvania
9.2.40. OVERKIZ – Germany
9.2.41. PEHA
9.2.42. PEHA – Germany
9.2.43. PROBARE
9.2.44. Regulvar
9.2.45. Reliable Controls – Canada
9.2.46. S+S Regeltechnik
9.2.47. S4 Group – United States
9.2.48. Sauter
9.2.49. Schulte Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG
9.2.50. SCL Elements Inc – Canada
9.2.51. SensorDynamics AG
9.2.52. Servodan A/S
9.2.53. Shaspa – United Kingdom
9.2.54. Siemens Building Technologies – Switzerland
9.2.55. Siemens Building Technologies GmbH & Co
9.2.56. SmartHome Initiative – Germany
9.2.57. SOMMER – Germany
9.2.58. Spartan Peripheral Devices – Canada
9.2.59. Spega – Germany
9.2.60. steute Schaltgeräte GmbH & Co. KG
9.2.61. Texas Instruments
9.2.62. Titus – United States
9.2.63. Unitronic AG Zentrale – Germany
9.2.64. Unotech A/S – Denmark
9.2.65. USNAP – United States
9.2.66. Vicos – Austria
9.2.67. Viessmann Group – Germany
9.2.68. Vossloh-Schwabe – Germany
9.2.69. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.2.70. Wieland Electric GmbH – Germany
9.2.71. YTL Technologies – China
9.2.72. Zumtobel Lighting GmbH – Austria
9.3. Associates
9.3.1. A. & H. MEYER GmbH – Germany
9.3.2. ABC Shop 24 – Germany
9.3.3. Active Business Company GmbH
9.3.4. Akktor GmbH – Germany
9.3.5. Alvi Technologies
9.3.6. ASP Automacao – Brazil
9.3.7. Axis Lighting – Canada
9.3.8. Biberach University of Applied Sciences
9.3.9. bmd AG -Switzerland
9.3.10. BMS Systems
9.3.11. Building Intelligence Group LLC – United States
9.3.12. CAO Group, Inc. – United States
9.3.13. Circuit Holding – Egypt
9.3.14. Com-Pacte – France
9.3.15. Cymbet – United States
9.3.16. Dauphin – Germany
9.3.17. DigiTower Cologne
9.3.18. DimOnOff – Canada
9.3.19. Distech Controls
9.3.20. Dogma Living Technology – Greece
9.3.21. Elektro-Systeme Matthias Friedl – Germany
9.3.22. Elka Hugo Krischke GmbH – Germany
9.3.23. Encelium Technologies – United States
9.3.24. Energie Agentur
9.3.25. enexoma AG – Germany
9.3.26. Engenuity Systems
9.3.27. Engenuity Systems – United States
9.3.28. Engineered Tax Services – United States
9.3.29. EnOcean GmbH
9.3.30. Enolzu – Spain
9.3.31. Enotech – Denmark
9.3.32. ESIC Technology & Sourcing Co., Ltd.
9.3.33. Functional Devices Inc. – United States
9.3.34. Gesteknik
9.3.35. Green Link Alliance
9.3.36. Gruppo Giordano – Italian
9.3.37. Hagemeyer – Germany
9.3.38. HBC Hochschule Biberach – Germany
9.3.39. Herbert Waldmann GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.3.40. Hermos – Germany
9.3.41. HK Instruments – Finland
9.3.42. Hochschule Luzern – Technik & Architektur – Switzerland
9.3.43. I.M. tecnics – Spain
9.3.44. Indie Energy – United States
9.3.45. Infinite Power Solutions, Inc. – United States
9.3.46. Ingenieurbüro Knab GmbH – Germany
9.3.47. Ingenieurbüro Zink GmbH
9.3.48. Ingenieurbüro Zink GmbH – Germany
9.3.49. INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG
9.3.50. Interior Automation – United Kingdom
9.3.51. Ivory Egg – United Kingdom
9.3.52. Kaga Electronics – Japan
9.3.53. KIB Projekt GmbH
9.3.54. Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI) – Korea
9.3.55. KVL Comp Ltd.
9.3.56. Ledalite – Canada
9.3.57. LessWire, LLC
9.3.58. Lighting Control & Design – United States
9.3.59. LogiCO2 International SARL. – Luxembourg
9.3.60. Masco
9.3.61. Mitsubishi Materials Corporation – United States
9.3.62. MK Electric (a Honeywell Business)
9.3.63. MONDIAL Electronic GmbH – Austria
9.3.64. Moritani – Japan
9.3.65. Moritani and Co Ltd
9.3.66. MW-Elektroanlagen – Germany
9.3.67. myDATA – Germany
9.3.68. Nibblewave – France
9.3.69. OBERMEYER Planen + Beraten GmbH – Germany
9.3.70. Omnio
9.3.71. Orkit Building Intelligence
9.3.72. Pohlmann Funkbussystems – Germany
9.3.73. PressFinish GmbH – Germany
9.3.74. Prulite Ltd – United States
9.3.75. Pyrecap – France
9.3.76. PYRECAP/HYCOSYS
9.3.77. R+S Group – Germany
9.3.78. SANYO Semiconductor LLC. – United States
9.3.79. SAT Herbert GmbH
9.3.80. SAT System- und Anlagentechnik Herbert GmbH
9.3.81. Seamless Sensing – United Kingdom
9.3.82. Selmoni – Switzerland
9.3.83. Sensocasa – Germany
9.3.84. Seven Line Control Systems – France
9.3.85. SIFRI, S.L. – Spain
9.3.86. SmartLiving Asia – Hong Kong
9.3.87. Spittler Lichttechnik GmbH – Germany
9.3.88. Spoon2 International Limited – United Kingdom
9.3.89. Steinbeis Transferzentrum für Embedded Design und Networking
9.3.90. StyliQ – Germany
9.3.91. STZEDN – Germany
9.3.92. Suffice Group – Hong Kong
9.3.93. Tambient
9.3.94. Tambient – United States
9.3.95. Technograph Microcircuits Ltd
9.3.96. Teleprofi-Verbindet – Germany
9.3.97. Thermokon – Danelko Elektronik AB – Sweden
9.3.98. ThermoKon Sensortechnik
9.3.99. t-mac Technologies Limited – United Kingdom
9.3.100. Tridum – United States
9.3.101. TRILUX GmbH & Co. KG – Germany
9.3.102. Unitronic AG Zentrale
9.3.103. Vicos
9.3.104. Vity Technology – Hong Kong
9.3.105. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
9.3.106. WeberHaus – Germany
9.3.107. Web-IT – Germany
9.3.108. WelComm – United States
9.3.109. Wieland Electric GmbH
9.3.110. WIT – France
9.3.111. WM Ocean – Czech Republic
9.3.112. Yongfu – Singapore
9.3.113. Zurich University of Applied Science (ZHAW) – Switzerland
10. MARKET FORECASTS
10.1. Forecasts 2011-2021 for energy harvesting markets
10.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity
10.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2011-2021, 2031
10.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
10.1.4. Which technologies win?
10.2. Wireless sensor networks 2010-2020
10.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2030
10.4. Bicycle dynamo market
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
APPENDIX 3: PERMANENT POWER FOR WIRELESS SENSORS – WHITE PAPER FROM CYMBET
TABLES
1.1. Energy harvesting compared with alternatives
4.1. Comparison of pn junction and electrophotochemical photovoltaics.
4.2. The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared
4.3. CdTe cost advantage
4.4. Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC
10.1. Some high volume addressable global markets for energy harvesting for small devices
10.2. Ambient power available for volume markets
10.3. Addressable market for high priced energy harvesting
10.4. Electronic products selling in billions yearly and their pricing
10.5. Global market for energy harvesting
10.6. Consumer market for energy harvesting
10.7. Industrial, healthcare and other non- consumer markets for energy harvesting
10.8. Wristwatches
10.9. Bicycle dynamo
10.10. Laptops and e-books
10.11. Mobile phones
10.12. Other portable consumer electronics~
10.13. Wireless sensor mesh networks
10.14. Other Industrial^
10.15. Military and aerospace+ excluding WSN
10.16. Healthcare#
10.17. Other+
10.18. Consumer vs other market value by technology 2021
10.19. Consumer market value in $ million by application and technology 2021
10.20. Other market in $ million by application and technology in 2021
10.21. IDTechEx forecast of market % value share of total photovoltaic market by technology excluding conventional crystalline silicon
10.22. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
10.23. Division of value sales between the technologies in 2021
10.24. Percentage value share of the global market for energy harvesting across large areas such as vehicles and railway stations (eg regenerative braking, shock absorbers, exhaust heat) in 2021
10.25. IDTechEx Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Forecast 2010-2020 with Real Time Locating Systems RTLS for comparison
10.26. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030 and market drivers
10.27. Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030
10.28. Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030
10.29. WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030 and cost reduction factors
10.30. WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.31. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.32. Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
FIGURES
1.1. Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the types of battery employed
1.2. Ten year improvement in electronics, photovoltaics and batteries
2.1. Temperature monitoring on high speed trains
2.2. Huge number of potential WSN applications in the SNCF system
2.3. Evolution of a few of the feasible features for e-labels and e-packaging
3.1. Battery assisted passive RFID label recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit
3.2. Smart Dust WSN node concept with thick film battery and solar cells
3.3. New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery
3.4. World’s first thin-film battery with integrated battery management
3.5. Infinite Power solutions produce thin, lithium based rechargeable batteries
3.6. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
3.7. Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC
3.8. Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery
4.1. NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions
4.2. International Space Station
4.3. Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide
4.4. Some candidates for the different photovoltaic requirements
4.5. Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells
4.6. DSSC design principle
4.7. HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix
4.8. The CIGS flexible photovoltaics of Odersun AG of Germany is used for energy harvesting to mobile phones on the bag of Bagjack of Germany
4.9. CIGS construction
4.10. The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy
4.11. Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008.
4.12. Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics
4.13. Module stack for photovoltaics
4.14. INL nantennas on film
4.15. Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA
5.1. Power paving
5.2. Microscope image shows the fibers that are part of the microfiber nanogenerator. The top one is coated with gold
5.3. Schematic shows how pairs of fibers would generate electrical current.
5.4. Piezo eel
5.5. Capacitive biomimetic energy harvesting
5.6. Midé energy harvesting electronics
5.7. Artificial Muscle business plan
5.8. Artificial Muscle’s actuator
5.9. MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across
5.10. Examples of electrodynamic harvesting
5.11. Heart harvester
6.1. The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit
6.2. Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch
6.3. The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers
8.1. Profiled organisations by continent
8.2. Profiled organisations by country
8.3. Number in sample by intended sector of end use
8.4. Number of cases by type of harvesting
8.5. Transparent photovoltaic film
8.6. Arveni piezoelectric batteryless remote control
8.7. Advertisement for Citizen Eco-Drive
8.8. CNSA moon orbiting satellite with solar cells
8.9. Solar powered ESA satellites
8.10. Electrical lanterns, torches etc charged by hand cranking.
8.11. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa
8.12. Solar sail
8.13. Light in Africa
8.14. Hi-Tech Wealth’s S116 clamshell solar phone
8.15. Nantennas
8.16. Bulk nantennas
8.17. Human sensor networks
8.18. ISRO moon satellite
8.19. JAXA moon project
8.20. “Ibuki” GOSAT greenhouse gas monitoring satellite
8.21. KCF Harvesting Sensor Demonstration Pack
8.22. Flux density of a microgenerator
8.23. 3D drawing of the Pedal Light
8.24. WSN deployment
8.25. Micropelt thermoelectric harvester in action
8.26. Helicopter vibration harvester
8.27. Bell model 412 helicopter
8.28. Solar-powered wireless G-Link seismic sensor on the Corinth Bridge in Greece.
8.29. Multiple solar-powered nodes monitor strain and vibration at key locations on the Goldstar Bridge over the Thames River in New London, Conn
8.30. MicroStrain Wireless sensor and data acquisition system. Source: MicroStrain Inc
8.31. Volture vibration harvester
8.32. Another version of Volture
8.33. International Space Station
8.34. Solar panels for the Hubble telescope
8.35. Schematic representations of a PN-couple used as TEC (left) based on the Peltier effect or TEG (right) based on the Seebeck effect.
8.36. Nextreme thermoelectric generator
8.37. eTEC Module and Die
8.38. Morph concept
8.39. Flexible & Changing Design
8.40. Concept device based on reduce, reuse recycle envisages many forms of energy harvesting
8.41. Carrying strap provides power to the sensor unit
8.42. An optical image of an electronic device in a complex deformation mode
8.43. NTT DOCOMO concept phone with energy harvesting
8.44. Pavegen Systems Limited is looking for ways to tap into the energy of moving crowds
8.45. Heart energy harvesting
8.46. Perpetuum vibration harvester
8.47. PowerFilm literature
8.48. PulseSwitch Systems makes piezoelectric wireless switches that do not need a battery
8.49. Seiko Thermic wristwatch
8.50. Knee-Mounted Device Generates Electricity While You Walk
8.51. Tissot Autoquartz
8.52. Heart harvester developed at Southampton University Hospital
8.53. Compromise between power density and energy density
8.54. Thin film batteries with supercapacitors were efficient for energy storage
8.55. Two other battery formats
8.56. Syngenta sensor
8.57. Trophos BES Power Management & Application Architecture
8.58. Transmitter left and implanted receiver right for inductively powered implantable dropped foot stimulator for stroke victims
8.59. PicoBeacon, the first fully self-contained wireless transmitter powered solely by solar energy
8.60. Surveillance bat
8.61. Sensor head on COM-BAT
8.62. A solar bag that is powerful enough to charge a laptop
9.1. Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean
9.2. Solar powered wireless sensor node
9.3. Sensor monitoring rock net using energy of net movement and solar cells
10.1. Energy harvesting for small devices, renewable energy replacing power stations and what comes between.
10.2. Global market number million
10.3. Global market unit value dollars
10.4. Global market total value millions of dollars
10.5. Consumer market number million
10.6. Consumer market unit value dollars
10.7. Consumer market total value millions of dollars
10.8. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets number million
10.9. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets unit value dollars
10.10. Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets total value millions of dollars
10.11. Consumer market number by sector
10.12. Consumer market total value by sector
10.13. Consumer market value by technology 2021
10.14. Other market value by technology 2021
10.15. Total market value by technology 2021
10.16. Meter reading nodes number million 2010-2020
10.17. Meter reading nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020
10.18. Meter reading nodes total value dollars 2010-2020
10.19. Other nodes number million 2010-2020
10.20. Other nodes unit value dollars 2010-2020
10.21. Other nodes total value dollars 2010-2020
10.22. Total node value billion dollars 2010-2020
10.23. WSN systems and software excluding nodes billion dollars 2010-2020
10.24. Total WSN market million dollars 2010-2020
10.25. WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.26. Average number of nodes per system 2010, 2020, 2030
10.27. Number of systems 2010, 2020, 2030
10.28. WSN node price dollars 2010, 2020, 2030
10.29. WSN node total value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.30. WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.31. Total WSN market value $ million 2010, 2020, 2030
10.32. Global bicycle and car production millions
82. University of Michigan
8.183. University of Neuchatel
8.184. University of Oxford
8.185. University of Pittsburgh
8.186. University of Sheffield
8.187. University of Southampton
8.188. University of Tokyo
8.189. Uppsala University
8.190. US Army Research Laboratory
8.191. Vicos
8.192. Virginia Tech
8.193. Voltaic Systems Inc
8.194. WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG
8.195. Washington State University
8.196. Wieland Electric GmbH
8.197. Wireless Industrial Technologies
8.198. Yale University,
8.199. Yonsei University,
8.200. ZMD AG
9. MARKET FORECASTS
9.1. Forecasts 2009- 2019 for energy harvesting markets
9.1.1. Addressable markets and price sensitivity
9.1.2. IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2009-2019, 2029
9.1.3. Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting
9.2. Wireless sensor networks 2009-2019
9.3. IDTechEx forecast for 2029
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS
APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
